How can I find internship opportunities as a freshman?
How can I find internship opportunities as a freshman?
DEFENSE
The defense industry sits at the intersection of security, research, and long-term innovation. It encompasses all public and private efforts that protect national interests. Whether you’re developing advanced fighter jets or writing arms control policy, you’re serving your nation.
Entering “Defense” doesn’t just mean joining the military. It means working for government agencies, research labs, think tanks, global contractors, startups building next-gen technology, or even shaping policy on Capitol Hill. Whether you study computer science, government, engineering, or international relations, there's a niche for you. Some of the pillars of the defense industry include aerospace & defense engineering, cybersecurity, IT infrastructure, research & development, and government & lobbying operations.
While this industry is dynamic and fast-moving, there are a few major players who dominate the field. In the private sector, Boeing, Northrop Grumman, Raytheon, and other defense engineering firms dominate. In cybersecurity and infrastructure, firms like Palantir and Anduril are gaining market share. Lobbying is often carried out by private lobbying firms, but the National Defense Industrial Association also lobbies on behalf of these firms. In the public sector, policy is set by House and Senate Armed Services Committees, the NSC, and the Pentagon. Obviously, the branches of the US Armed Services carry out this policy, and the CIA, NSA, DIA, and Office of the DNI collect information and act on their intelligence.
For some, the appeal lies in impact: the chance to work on systems that protect lives, enable global stability, or deter conflict. Others are drawn by the high-tech environment and always-evolving space. Some perks of the Defense industry include job stability, the mission of public service, a fast growing sector, and access to cutting edge technology.
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Freshmen-Senior Year
Recruiting for defense roles follows a fairly typical timeline, but it is important to factor the security clearance timeline as well. From July to August, application portals for major contractors like Lockheed Martin and Raytheon open, especially for technical internships and new grad roles. By September, first-round technical interviews begin, and federal job postings appear on USAJOBS.gov with very short application windows. October brings final-round interviews at contractors, while government agencies initiate their more methodical HR and security processes. In December, the SMART Scholarship—a flagship federal STEM internship and scholarship program—closes its application window. From February through March, background investigations and security clearance checks begin for many students, especially those heading into roles that require Secret or Top Secret access. In some cases, this process starts even earlier depending on the agency and position. These positions then begin work over the summer.
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INDUSTRY PATHWAYS
01 INTELLIGENCE & NATIONAL SECURITY
The Intelligence Community (e.g., CIA, NSA, ODNI) tackles high-impact global threats across analysis, cyber, linguistics, data science, and operations. Most roles require TS/SCI clearances and have long hiring timelines, so starting early is critical. Success hinges on sharp analytical writing, discretion, technical or regional expertise, and patience with the vetting process.
02 DEFENSE DEPARTMENT & UNIFORMED SERVICE
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Civilian roles at DoD components (e.g., DARPA, service research labs) and related agencies like DHS span advanced AI, autonomy, and biodefense, with opportunities in program management, R&D, acquisition, and policy. Uniformed service (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, Space Force) provides “boots on the ground” leadership training and responsibility for people, missions, and equipment. Many positions require clearances and offer strong long-term career capital.
03 INDUSTRY: PRIMES & DUAL-USE STARTUPS
Prime contractors (Northrop Grumman, Boeing, Lockheed Martin) operate on a B2G model building aircraft, spacecraft, and missile defense systems—great for engineers, systems/PM, QA, and analysts who thrive in regulated, long-cycle programs. The commercial-to-defense sector (Anduril, Palantir, Shield AI) moves faster, applying cutting-edge software/AI to defense problems with product roles, field deployment, and user-driven iteration; some work intersects with classified programs.
04 POLICY, CONGRESS & ADVOCACY
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On Capitol Hill (House/Senate Armed Services Committees) you help shape budgets, legislation, and oversight, coordinating with the Pentagon, industry, and researchers in a fast, writing-heavy environment. Outside government, lobbying and advocacy groups influence appropriations and procurement through relationship-building, coalition work, and strategic communication—requiring policy fluency and strict compliance with ethics rules.
05 RESEARCH & STRATEGY (THINK TANKS)
Think tanks and research institutes (RAND, CSIS, CFR) analyze defense policy, emerging technologies, and global strategy. Roles emphasize rigorous methods, data or field research, and publication, with frequent briefings to policymakers. Strong writing, methodological discipline, and subject-matter depth are essential—and this path suits students who enjoy turning complex findings into actionable insights.